Hunter education programs in every state teach the same short list of firearm rules. Wildlife agencies say that nearly all hunting incidents trace back to breaking at least one of them, which is why instructors drill them until they become habit.
1. Assume every gun is loaded
Never take it for granted that a gun is empty, even if you watched someone unload it. Whenever you pick one up, aim it somewhere harmless and open the action to check the chamber and magazine yourself. If you do not know how to check, hand it back until someone shows you.
2. Keep the muzzle under control
Pick a direction where a bullet would hurt no one if the gun went off unexpectedly. Whatever the muzzle points toward is effectively in your crosshairs, and ricochets are always possible. Agencies note that roughly one in three hunting incidents is self-inflicted, which means the muzzle was pointed at the shooter’s own body.
3. Identify the target and the area behind it
Positive identification is not optional. Firing at something you merely believe is legal game is a gamble with someone’s life. Know what lies in front of the target, beside it and past it, because bullets can miss or pass through. If any of those three is uncertain, hold your fire.
4. Mind the trigger
Rest your finger along the frame, clear of the trigger guard, until you have decided to shoot. If you stumble while holding a gun in one hand, your free hand and your gun hand tend to react the same way, and a finger on the trigger can fire the gun.
Habits that support the rules
- Unload firearms before climbing, crossing fences or traveling, and carry them in a way that keeps the muzzle controlled.
- Store firearms and ammunition separately under lock.
- Wear hearing and eye protection when shooting at the range.
- Know where everyone in your party is at all times.
First-time hunters should complete a hunter education course. Requirements and course formats differ by state, so check with your state wildlife agency.
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